Characterization, risk assessment, and potential utilization of fly ash from PLTSa Merah Putih at Bantargebang, Bekasi, Indonesia

Abstract Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) has been adopted in Indonesia to reduce the volume and mass of municipal waste. However, as a by-product combustion, fly ash generation cannot be avoided. It can cause an environmental problem if not managed properly. Hence, this study aims investigate characteristics generated from Indonesia’s first waste-to-energy pilot plant its potential utilization. Fly was characterized using X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), BET surface area measurement, pore size distribution (PSD), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD). The characterization results showed that calcium predominant, around 28%, followed by titanium, silica, iron, aluminum, values 7.10%, 5.70%, 4.40%, 4.30%, respectively. These demonstrated MSW classified very active high-calcium ash. structure flaky complex, some irregular material. particle shows diameters most particles were nearly 12 μm. specific 3.06 m 2 /g, total-pore 0.01 cm 3 average 11.82 nm. In addition, risk assessment evaluated toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). TCLP concentrations heavy metals, including arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium hexavalent, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, zinc, lower than regulatory level, indicating low risk. Therefore, it great for utilization paving block mixture